Good vs Evil in the Crucible and the Scarlet Letter free essay sample

â€Å"All conflict in literature is, in its simplest form, a struggle between good and evil. † This means that all conflict in any work is basically just a fight between the forces of good and evil. The Crucible by Arthur Miller and The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne show that this statement is true. The Crucible agrees with the lens because in Puritan society of 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, hunts are being held to find those who have sinned and practice witchcraft but unfortunately innocent people are accused. The Crucible is set in Salem, Massachusetts and John Proctor, the protagonist, is a farmer who is found by his wife having an affair with a teenager. Throughout the play, John is trying to make the truth known to a court that has no interest in listening. The conflict in this story occurs when people are being falsely accused of practicing witchcraft for reasons such as revenge or the desire for another’s land. We will write a custom essay sample on Good vs Evil in the Crucible and the Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An example of this is Abigail’s desire to be with John Proctor. She wants to be with him so badly that she accuses his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, or â€Å"witchery† in order to marry John Proctor. A man may think God sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now. I beg you, sir, I beg you-see her what she is†¦She thinks to dance with me on my wife’s grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is promise in such sweat. But it is a whore’s vengeance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is a quote from Proctor when he is confessing to the court about his affair with Abigail in order to save his wife and the other innocent people who have been accused. Other examples include the part of the play where Giles tells the court that Putnam is killing his neighbors for their land. †¦If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property-that’s law! And there is none but Putnam with the coin to buy so great a piece. This man is killing his neighbors for their land! † This is a quote from Giles Corey from when he claimed that Thomas Putnam was killing others for their land. The entire play was made to be a symbol of the anti-Communist â€Å"witch-hunts† of the 1950s, the time of the author, Arthur Miller. The themes in this play are hysteria, reputation, and intolerance. This is contradictory to the Puritan society because they came to M assachusetts in search of religious tolerance. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne shows that the statement is true because in it a woman has committed adultery and is taunted and alienated by her community. The Scarlet Letter is set in mid-seventeenth century Boston, Massachusetts and Hester Prynne, the protagonist, is a person who has committed adultery and is to be punished for as long as she may live by wearing a scarlet â€Å"A† on her chest. The main conflict in this novel occurs when her husband, having inexplicably failed to join her in Boston following their emigration from Europe, Hester Prynne has an affair with Arthur Dimmesdale. When she gives birth to a child, the townspeople find out about this affair and Hester is forced by her community to wear a letter â€Å"A† for â€Å"adulterer. † She must also deal with the vengeful wrath of her husband, who has appeared in town just in time to witness her public humiliation. â€Å"†¦When the young woman—the mother of this child—stood fully revealed before the crowd, it seemed to be her first impulse to clasp the infant closely to her bosom; not so much by an impulse of motherly affection, as that she might thereby conceal a certain token, which was wrought or fastened into her dress. In a moment, however, wisely judging that one token of her shame would but poorly serve to hide another, she took the baby on her arm, and with a burning blush, and yet a haughty smile, and a glance that would not be abashed, looked around at her townspeople and neighbours. On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth, surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter A†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is a quote from the beginning of the novel when Hester Prynne comes out of the prison doors and we see the scarlet letter for the first time. Some people feel that she will be able to cover up the letter with a pin or something of that nature and act as if it isn’t there while others feel that the scarlet letter will be burned into her heart forever. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe magistrates are God-fearing gentlemen, but merciful overmuch—that is a truth,’ added a third autumnal matron. ‘At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead. Madame Hester would have winced at that, I warrant me. But she—the naughty baggage— little will she care what they put upon the bodice of her gown Why, look you, she may cover it with a brooch, or such like, heathenish adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever’ ‘Ah, but,’ interposed, more softly, a young wife, holding a child by the hand, ‘let her cover the mark as she will, the pang of it will be always in her heart. ’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote appears before Hester comes out of the prison doors. Here the townspeople are talking about her and apparently they feel that the scarlet letter wasn’t enough. The main symbols in this novel are the scarlet letter, the meteor, Pearl, and the rosebush outside the prison doors. The scarlet letter is meant to be a symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter’s meaning changes as the story progresses. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulterer, the â€Å"A† eventually comes to stand for â€Å"Able. † Finally, it becomes vague: the Native Americans who come to watch the Election Day Pageant think it marks her as a person of importance and status. The letter is a physical reminder of Hester’s affair with Dimmesdale. As Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl, a meteor traces out an â€Å"A† in the sky. To Dimmesdale, the meteor implies that he should wear a mark of shame just as Hester does. The community, however, thinks that it stands for â€Å"Angel† and that it marks Governor Winthrop’s entry into heaven. Pearl is a living version of the scarlet letter. She is the result of the affair. Pearl is more than a mere punishment to her mother, even though she is a reminder of Hester’s sin. Pearl is also a blessing. She symbolizes not only the â€Å"sin† but also the vital spirit and passion that caused that sin. Pearl’s existence gives her mother reason to live. She keeps Hester’s spirits up when she is tempted to give up. The rosebush symbolizes a little bit of hope in a world of sin and guilt. The rosebush is said to probably offer its beauty to a criminal as he enters the prison doors and is also a way of nature’s taking pity on this criminal before he suffers his horrible fate. The themes in this novel are sin, experience, and the human condition, the nature of evil, and identity and society. Both these works show the struggle between good and evil. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the protagonist, John Proctor, finds himself in a great deal of conflict when dealing with those who falsely accuse others of witchcraft. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester Prynne, is humiliated and alienated by her community when she is found out to be an adulterer.

Cheating Is Wrong Essay Example

Cheating Is Wrong Essay Example Cheating Is Wrong Essay Cheating Is Wrong Essay Wrong Cheating is wrong in many ways and is unfair to those who to achieve the grade they strive for. Also cheating students pass with the grade but not with the knowledge that the other students do, they undermine the value of knowledge. Cheating is also a betrayal of trust between the student teacher relationship, after the incident of being caught cheating the student will no longer have the teachers trust. Cheating overall is a bad habit and a disgusting trait in a student that wishes to strive for greatness. Cheating is lying it is lying to your teachers and yourself, youre a showing your teachers the depth of knowledge that isnt really there. Your teacher can not teach you if you are not showing her what you need to be taught. Cheating in all honesty does not help anyone at all, it lessens the need for you to study and actually learn something. Your creating bad habits that will cause you to go nowhere in life. If you do not get into the rhythm of studying and actually working for your results then life will only get harder from here on out. Cheating Is also wrong and unfair to the abundance of students who spend endless nights working hard for their grades whilst you decide to cheat and give yourself the grade you did not deserve. You get the convenience of dong half the work while others strive for their results like they should. Along with the dishonestly and the lack of knowledge that you are receiving from cheating It is also disrespectful and rude to your teacher ho takes the time to teach you these thing Just so you can go and cheat. It Is also breaking the trust that you once had with your teacher. Cheating Is a horrible habit and Is a nasty trait that should be put to rest.

Branding and Business Enterprises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Branding and Business Enterprises - Assignment Example The author of the paper states that the type of brand of an enterprise is usually formulated from who the business enterprise consist of, the expectations of what they expect to become in future and lastly the perception of society and the people have towards the entity. A business cannot at any single point have opposing qualities. For example, the business enterprise can be quite innovative in nature, producing high-cost goods and services as well as high quality of the products in question. In other words the fountain of a business’ brand is its logo, the enterprise’s website, its mode of packaging and lastly its materials of promotion should ingrate the enterprise’s logo and consequently pass the message of its brand. After talking to Dr. Jim Friedman, branding has more meaning than the usual notion we had in the past. He was not afraid to speak out his mind by shading light to very gray areas of business and marketing in general in the society. He does not a llow a person to stay in a comfort zone because one will not achieve much in such a place and hence result in failures in life. When relating with others, he remains true to himself and does not pretend to be someone he is not and encourages individuals to emulate that quality from him. Kailin has an idea and brings along a water bottle of water which contains words from a famous American poet, W. H. Auden, who is renowned for his poetic works and the love he has for poems. The words are that â€Å"Thousands have lived with love, not one without water.†

Asian Management - Management in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Asian Management - Management in India - Essay Example Indian economy during 1950 to 1980 was highly dominated by the agriculture sector and the five year plan. Some of the acts which were introduced during this period were Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 also called as the unleashing of ‘license raj’, Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (MRTP) and Import substitution. (PBS, 2004) Bureaucratic control of private sector through licenses, permits, taxes and tariff infuriated quality global competitiveness and managerial imagination. This high level restriction, poor quality of infrastructure along with high level of corruption caused to migration of entrepreneurs from India. Family conglomeration was seen in the Indian corporate sector led by names like Birla, Reliance, Tata, Bajaj, Mahindra, Godrej and Thapar. Rajiv Gandhi emphasizes economic liberalization and pushes for development of the technology sector. The government introduces economic reforms, including reduced quantitative restrictions on imports, decreased subsidies, fewer licensing requirements, the sale of shares in select public enterprises, and tax reforms.(Source: Veen R.V., 2006) During this period of liberalization comprehensive changes were seen in the mindset of corporate leaders. India became the host for the global firms which brought world class management in the country. Indian education system improved and India produced half a million of engineers, thousands of doctor and MBAs per year. Indian entrepreneurs who were used to the art of manipulating, managing and circumventing the regime of controls and restrictions and the power centre of licensing, would be able to break away from the past and rise to the occasion of liberalization. The country stepped into liberalization. The government sold off shares in its companies and opens the door to foreign investment. Liberalization brought GDP growth to 7 percent, and pushed the inflation down. A new private sector emerged, especially in technology services, side by side

Freedom and Determinism Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Freedom and Determinism Problem - Essay Example One should distinguish between the idea that events in the universe are linked causally and the idea that events in the universe are linked correlatively. In the first view, exemplified by Newtonian physics, is that the trajectories of billiard balls are determined by their interactions (using factors such as velocity, momentum, and so on). In the second view, certain events are correlatively linked to others, leading to the perception of a causal relationship. 2. Libertarianism Metaphysical libertarianism is the contrary position to determinism, holding that a human free will does exist and that free will is incompatible with determinism. A completely free will implies that no external events act upon or causally determine the chosen actions of human beings. In other words, a person is able to take any of a set of actions under particular circumstances; that is, his choice is not limited to only one possible choice, as is claimed by determinism. One should distinguish between the id ea that libertarianism applies to non-physical objects and physical objects. In the first view, the mind is a non-physical entity outside of physical causation and does not rely on the brain for causative explanations. In the second view, libertarianism implies indeterminism in the physical world (invoking ideas of newer quantum physics), which extends to the physical mind. 3. Compatibilism If libertarianism and determinism are two sides on a continuum, then compatibilism is the middle ground between those two positions. Essentially, the idea is that free will and deterministic causation are compatible ideas, making it possible to logically believe in both at the same time. Of course, compatibilists do not believe in the same kind of free will that libertarians do. While libertarians define free will in a way that is logically inconsistent with a physically deterministic universe, compatibilists define it in a manner that is consistent with a deterministic physical universe, making how one defines his terms very important in the debate. A common way of expressing the compatabilist view is explaining that man is not coerced into following his will; however, what he wills is likely subject to forces outside of his mental life. For instance, many human motivations and drives are unconscious, which points to a role both for determinism and man’s choice of actions in human life. This implies also that notions of â€Å"alternatives† used by metaphysical libertarians are not real. II. A. Do humans have free will? Humans have free will, but it is not a completely free will. Clearly, certain constraints inhibit the complete freedom of a human free will. For instance, a person cannot fly off a roof or breathe under water, even if there is a clear wish to do so. Moving physical and non-physical constraints aside, any person can clearly demonstrate a free will by choosing their actions among many alternatives. For instance, I can continue typing or get up to get something to drink. But one should notice that both of these actions are at the top of my mind because they are motivated by some process in my physical brain, subject to the causes and effects of electrical and chemical processes. This produces the compatabilist notion of free will: courses of action are suggested by my brain, which my mind eventually chooses from. Are all human actions determined? Not all human action is determined. From psychology, there are numerous examples of how human

Patient Need During Mechanical Ventilation Literature Review

Patient Need During Mechanical Ventilation Literature Review Review of literature is a systematic search of the published work to gain information about a research topic. It is a compilation that provides the ground work for the study. A literature review is a Critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification and comparison of prior research studies, review of literature, and theoretical articles.(Wisconsin 2004) This chapter deals with the information collected in relation to the ypresent study through published and unpublished materials, which provided the foundation to carry out this study. In the present study the review of literature is organized and presented as  follows. Literature related to patients need during mechanical ventilation. Literature related to augmentive and alternative communication methods Literature related to patients satisfaction Literature related to patients need during mechanical ventilation Wojnicki-Johansson (2001) conducted a study among nurses to evaluate the communication of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU (n = 22). Among the 22 patients, 19 patients have had good functional communication. Three patients reported that nurses were unable to understand their messages. The author suggested that nurses should critically evaluate their communication skills and frequently verify the content of communication with patients. Rotondi, Armando J. (2006) conducted a prospective cohort study on intensive care unit patients (n = 150 ) receiving mechanical ventilation. In this study the researcher collected data on patients physical(e.g pain) and psychological( anxiety) experiences with the mechanical ventilation. The study revealed that among two third of patients were strongly associated with experience of sleeplessness , fear , inability to communicate, pain, tense and loneliness. Bergbom-Engberg and Haljamae (2003) conducted a retrospective study, interviewed 158 patients on their recall of experiences while being mechanically ventilated 2 to 48 months after their ICU experience. Approximately half of the subjects reported experiencing feelings of anxiety/fear, agony/panic, and insecurity, and found it distressing not to be able to communicate properly with the nurses and their relatives. Lance  Patak, et al, (2004) conducted a descriptive study using qualitative and quantitative methods, a total of 29 critically ill patients, extubated within the last 72 hours,. It was found that 62% of patients (n = 18) reported a high level of frustration in communicating their needs while being mechanically ventilated. There was no significant difference between the duration of intubation and the level of frustration (Spearman r 5 .109, P 5 .573). Mechanically ventilated patients experience a high level of frustration when communicating their needs, and health care providers have a significant impact on the mechanically ventilated patients experience. Stacey M. Carroll (2004) used metasynthesis and understanding of non vocal mechanically ventilated patients experiences with communication. The final sample (n=111) included 12 qualitative studies. The data, methods, and theoretical frameworks were critically interpreted. The samples are divided into two groups. In the first group, the characteristics of nonvocal ventilated patients communication experiences were often not understood, which resulted in loss of control and negative emotional responses. In the second group, nonvocal patients wanted nursing care that was delivered in an individualized, caring manner. This facilitated positive interpersonal relations between the patient and the nurse. Johnson and Sexton (2007) interviewed (n=14) patients and identified 19 factors that caused distress for these patients. In this qualitative study, the inability to speak was identified by all participants as causing distress to some degree, from mild to extreme. In addition, other factors causing distress included pain/discomfort from the endotracheal tube, suctioning, inability to determine time, and noise. These distressing factors can be alleviated by health care professionals Kefang Wang et al, (2008) conducted a phenomenological approach and Giorgis phenomenological analysis procedure was used to analyse the data. Participants (n=11) surviving from mechanical ventilation were interviewed in-depth, described their experience which were: being in an unconventional environment, physical suffering, psychological suffering, and self-encouragement and self-reflection. Self-encouragement and self-reflection enhanced patients self-confidence, which was beneficial to recovering. Critical care nurses should place the highest priority on recognizing and meeting the needs of ventilated patients in intensive care units. Fatma Eti Aslan (2009) conducted a descriptive study with patients (n=300) in a cardiac surgery ICU post-operatively for a minimum of 48 h, had a sternal incision, chest tube, and required mechanical ventilation. Most patients described their pain as aching (n = 177) and throbbing (n = 154). The presence of chest tubes (n = 95), endotracheal tube suctioning (n = 47), change of dressings (n = 27) and the use of air mattresses (n = 20) were also identified as painful experiences for patients. Nuran TOSUN et al (2010), conducted a descriptive study on patients (n = 155) who were admitted to medical or surgical ICUs and the patients were interviewed with a semi-structured interview form, to determine the experiences related to mechanical ventilation (MV) The data were evaluated with Colaizzis qualitative research analysis method (91.41  ± 34.91). Physical restriction, dependency, air hunger, thirst, pain, inability to talk and difficulty to be understood were described as uncomfortable and stressful experiences for the patients. Flexible family visits, positive thinking, praying, hope for survival, care by experienced and friendly ICU nurses were effective for coping with stressful factors related to prolonged MV and the ICU environment Literature related to augmentive and alternative communication methods Stovsky et al. (1988) used a quasi-experimental design to compare two methods of communication in patients (n=40) receiving ventilator support after cardiac surgery. The study explored patients experiences and preferences for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods during mechanical ventilation including yes/no questions, mouthing words/lip reading, facial expression reading, and use of an alphabet board, a magic slate board, a phrase board, and electronic scanning devices The experimental group (n = 20) was introduced to a communication board before surgery and they used the board during the postoperative period while receiving mechanical ventilation. The communication board used icons and pictures to represent basic needs (pain, fear, heat/cold, thirst, and bedpan). In contrast, the control group (n = 20) relied on standard care and on the experience of nurses. Patients in the experimental group were significantly more satisfied with communication using the board t han were patients in the control group (P = .05). Lawless (1975) conducted a study on ventilated patients (n=30) and the study described different types of boards that could be used to help patients communicate during mechanical ventilation: a magic slate board, magnetic plastic letters and board, an alphabet board, a picture board, and a simple writing board. Critical care nurses were used such type of AAC methods to assess their effectiveness in facilitating communication Reed (2008) conducted a study among nurses and patients regarding communication methods used to communicate. The study revealed that 60% of mechanically ventilated patients were extremely frustrated with their inability to communicate and 75% of nurses perceived their methods and 51% of patients preferred the picture board as their best method compared to other communication aids and basic methods, and 58% of nurses reported the picture board as the most beneficial method. Inke eh, light j à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™kitko l (2008) done quantitative research regarding communication between nurses and patients (n=60) with complex communication needs (CCN). The Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies that can be used by nurses to facilitate more effective à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡communication with patients with CCN. Difficulties in communication between nurses and patients arise when patients are unable to speak. . Using AAC strategies will help nurses and patients better communicate with each other when speech is not an option. Literature related to patients satisfacion Annie (2007) performed an experimental control trial of patients (n=60), and the study demonstrated that 73% patients without the communication board found their communication process was inadequate. 80% found their communication was adequate with the communication. 63% of patients reported being unsatisfied with their communication process without the communication board and with the board, 77% were satisfied. Of those who used the Communication Board, 80% were satisfied with the board, 20% moderately satisfied and none reported unsatisfied. Nurses, however, reported 53% satisfaction, 30% moderately satisfied and 17% unsatisfied. Overall, the patients with the Communication Board reported higher satisfaction with communication (p AC Jansen,et al (2009) done a study, developed a questionnaire that consisted of 60 questions in eight domains (General satisfaction, Reception, Physical care, Mental care, Empathy and attention, Communication and information, Surroundings and Physical discomfort). Answering possibilities ranged from 1 (not satisfied) to 5 (completely satisfied). all consecutive adult patients from a 29-bed, tertiary-care, medical, surgical, neurosurgical and thoracic-surgical ICU were interviewed within 4 days after discharge. Demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained from electronic records. General linear modeling (GLM) with Bonferroni-Holmes correction was used to study the relationship between overall patient satisfaction scores and the eight domains, corrected for patient and ICU-related factors. The model was tested for clinically relevant interaction between determinants. Ninety-eight patients were interviewed. The mean overall patient satisfaction score was 4.60 (SD = 0.93). Of the eight domains, only Communication and information (P = 0.039) appeared to be significant in predicting general satisfaction. Also sex (P = 0.046), length of ICU stay (P = 0.042), the interaction between Communication and information and age (P = 0.016), and the interaction between Communication and information and Minimal Mental State Examination score (P = 0.013) were significant. An indepth analysis of Communication and information showed that the interaction of communication with birth country (P Parsa-Yekta.Z, . (2009) conducted a quasi experimental study to compare the effects of two types of communication methods on anxiety and satisfaction in patients (n=90) after cardiac and bypass surgery having intubation. Patients were randomly selected by divided into two groups (experimental and control). The researchers met all patients the day before the surgery explained the reason and use of the picture chart for the experimental group and the routine communication methods for the control group. Data collection was done through a questionnaire consisting of: 1) demographic specification and clinical history, 2) Spielburgers questionnaire for obvious anxiety and 3) visual analogue scale (10cm) for patient satisfaction evaluation which is undertaken the day after surgery and after extubation. The results of the G ² test and the Fishers exact test showed significant statistical differences between the two groups concerning the level of the patients anxiety and satisfaction. The use of the picture chart for the experimental group, decreased patients anxiety resulting from speech disability and increased their satisfaction with their communication with nurses as compared to the control group.

The HIPAA Privacy Rule and Marketing Communications Essay -- Medical M

Protecting patient information is an important task for any health care provider. The Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), also known as the Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information, was approved by the United States Congress in 1996. It was the first act to provide national regulations for the use of patient health information. This privacy rule outlines the boundaries for the use of personal health information, including specific guidelines to ensure HIPAA-compliance. In order to market under HIPAA, there are certain privacy rules in place to protect patients. According to HIPAA, marketing is defined as â€Å"a communication about a product or service that encourages recipients to purchase or use the product or service†2. This definition can include any type of marketing communication. Marketing also includes when a covered entity is paid by a third party for patient health information that they can use for their own purpos es. It also covers cases of an associate communicating and encouraging patients to buy or use their product or service. Covered entities, which include health providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses, must receive authorization to use patient’s health information for marketing but there are a few exceptions to this rule. Marketing activities that are permitted without prior authorization include face-to-face encounters as well as giving promotional gifts of little value, such as pens or mugs. A good example of this would be a covered entity giving new mothers a free sample of baby products as they leave the hospital. Covered entities may discuss the health benefits of a product or service to a patient, along with describing health plan options, ... ...portant that the health care provider understands when authorization from the patient must be obtained and when it is not needed. Knowledge of the HIPAA Privacy Rule is essential for any health care provider as well as their staff in order to ensure that any marketing communications are HIPAA compliant. Works Cited 1) Association for Healthcare Philanthropy. Question 5 – Newsletters, Patient Education. Retrieved from http://www.ahp.org/advocacy/us/HIPAA/Analysis/Pages/Question5Long.aspx 2) Direct Marketing Association (2002, August). The Privacy Provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Retrieved from http://www.dmaresponsibility.org/HIPPA/#III1 3) Johnson, P. (2011, September 6). HIPAA: How does it relate to marketing? Retrieved from http://www.oandp.com/blogs/marketing-matters/post/HIPAA-How-Does-It-Relate-to-Marketing.aspx

Ethanol as a Fuel Source

Year 12 Chemistry Assessment Task 1| Ethanol as an alternative fuel| | | | Melissa Weber| 22/11/2010| | Overview The commercial production of ethanol fuel in Australia is the use of sugar cane and wheat using yeast in the fermentation process. Yeast is a fungus which can multiply in the absence of oxygen by using enzymes (e. g. zymase) to catalyse the decomposition of sugars. Those sugars are sucrose or maltose. Suitable conditions The conditions that promote the fermentation of sugar are: * A suitable micro-organism such as yeast * Water * A suitable temperature for the fermenting yeast Low oxygen concentrations favouring the fermenting yeast * A small amount of yeast nutrients such as phosphate salt. * Once the ethanol concentration reaches 14-15% by volume, the yeast cannot survive, and the fermentation process stops. Costs Biomass fuels such as rice straw and sugar cane bagasse are being investigated as raw materials for ethanol production but the transportation costs are very hi gh and do not justify their use. Genetically modified crops are being analysed and this could provide a cheap source of biomass fuels for the production of ethanol.Production from Sugar Cane Sucrose extracted from sugarcane accounts for little more than 30% of the chemical energy stored in the mature plant; 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous material (bagasse) left over from pressing. Most of the industrial processing of sugarcane in Brazil is done through a very integrated production chain, allowing sugar production, industrial ethanol processing, and electricity generation from by-products.The typical steps for large scale production of sugar and ethanol include milling, electricity generation, fermentation, distillation of ethanol, and dehydration. Replacement for distillation With increasing attention being paid to saving energy, many methods have been proposed that avoid distillation altogether for dehydra tion. Of these methods, a third method has emerged and has been adopted by the majority of modern ethanol plants. This new process uses molecular sieves to remove water from fuel ethanol.In this process, ethanol vapour under pressure passes through a bed of molecular sieve beads. The bead's pores are sized to allow absorption of water while excluding ethanol. After a period of time, the bed is regenerated under vacuum or in the flow of inert atmosphere to remove the absorbed water. Two beds are used so that one is available to absorb water while the other is being regenerated. This dehydration technology can account for energy saving of 3,000 btus/gallon (840 kJ/l) compared to earlier azeotropic distillation. .Diagrams DISTILLATION| | STRUCTURE| FORMULAC6H12O6 ;gt; 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH (ethanol) 180. 00g ;gt; 88. 00g + 92. 00g| Ethanol vs. Fuel Arguments for ethanol as a fuel| Arguments against ethanol as a fuel| It is a clean and efficient use of energy. It is much safer then petrol (Eth anol is biodegradable without harmful effects on the environment) and will greatly reduce the spread of pollution. Seeing that it is not a fossil-fuel, manufacturing it and burning it does not increase the greenhouse effect. Ethanol can reduce net carbon dioxide emissions by up to 100% on a full life-cycle basis. High-level ethanol blends can reduce emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by 30% or more (VOCs are major sources of ground-level ozone formation) * High-level ethanol blends reduce nitrogen oxide emissions| Ethanol is clean but it only produces two-thirds the energy of octane, hence more is needed| It is a much healthier alternative for people: * Sulphur dioxide and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions are significantly decreased with ethanol. As an octane enhancer, ethanol can cut emissions of cancer-causing benzene and butadiene by more than 50% * It provides high octane at low cost as an alternative to harmful fuel additives. * Ethanol can be used as an additive i nstead of lead which is a toxic pollutant in major cities. It will significantly reduces harmful exhaust emissions meaning more healthy in urban areas| The increased need for land clearing for crops (sugar cane) has led to huge problems of soil erosion, salination and the over use of water resources e. . Brazil| It is renewable and relatively cheap to produce, whereas oil supplies are limited to perhaps 50-60 years| Oil reserves are depleting but new reserves are being found with sophisticated techniques| Addition of ethanol to petrol reduces the amount of oxygen in combustion and reduces the emission of carbon. Ethanol blends can be used in all petrol engines without modifications| The cost of producing ethanol in 2008 was twice the cost of petrol.Australia has a 10% blend which is competitive at the moment| Ethanol can be produced anywhere in the world (Brazil, Tanzania, Australia) and will reduce the monopoly of Arab nations. As it is easily accessible for each country the diffic ulty and hazards in transporting will be reduced| 80% of the world's transport is dependent on fossil fuels. Changing to an ethanol base will be an economic nightmare| Current use of ethanol Continent| % of energy needs supplied by biomass| Continent| % of energy needs supplied by biomass| Australia| 5%| Oceania| 35%|Africa| 55%| North America| 4%| South America| 26%| Europe| 2-3%| Asia| 38%| former USSR| 3%| Sydney buses have trialled the use of Diesohol. Diesohol is a mixture of 10-15% ethanol in diesel fuel – it has been made possible by the development of a process which emulsifies the ethanol in the diesel. Using Diesohol reduces smoke, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in the vehicles exhaust. Up to about 10% ethanol can be added to petrol without requiring any alteration in car engines. Cars can run on 100% ethanol, but this requires engine modification.Ethanol does not release as much energy per gram as hydrocarbons do on burning. However, ethanol does reduce pollut ants in vehicle exhaust. This is particularly advantageous when using Diesohol in trucks and buses in large polluted cities. The use of ethanol as a fuel is neutral as far as releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When ethanol is burned, it produces carbon dioxide, however, this carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere by growing plants to produce more ethanol.If crops are grown specifically to produce ethanol by fermentation, very large areas of land would be required. It has been estimated that if Australia used all its cereal and sugar crops to produce ethanol, this would still only provide enough fuel to replace about 10% of its current petroleum use. Obviously, this amount of land could not be devoted to the production of transport fuel rather than food. However, it may be that in the future, with improvements in fermentation technology, plant waste material could be used to produce ethanol.It may be that there are better ways to harness energy from the sun than by growing plants which are then fermented to produce ethanol. Combustion of ethanol only releases about one third of the energy from sunlight which was originally trapped by, for example, sugar cane plants. Ethanol is still much more expensive to produce than petrol. The expenses involved in the production of ethanol include the effort put into growing the plant material, transporting plant material to processing plants and the energy required to separate the ethanol from the fermentation mixture by distillation.Ethanol consumption in an engine is approximately 51% higher than for gasoline since the energy per unit volume of ethanol is 34% lower than for gasoline. However, the higher compression ratios in an ethanol-only engine allow for increased power output and better fuel economy than could be obtained with lower compression ratios Cost of ethanol in Australia Taxation * Domestically produced fuel ethanol is currently effectively exempt from excise tax until July 1, 2011 (an excis e of 38. 43 cents per litre is payable on petrol). From this date, excise will be increased at 2. 5 cents per litre annually until it reaches 12. 5 cents per litre in 2015 Government Support * Federal Government support for fuel ethanol includes a voluntary industry biofuels target (encompassing ethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels) of 350 million litres per annum by 2010, capital grants to current and prospective producers, fuel excise relief, and an effective tariff on imported ethanol until July 1, 2011. In 2006, the Premiers of both New South Wales and Queensland proposed mandating the blending of ethanol into petrol. Marketing * E10 is available through service stations operating under the BP, Caltex, Shell and United brands as well as those of a number of smaller independents. E10 is most widely available closer to the sources of production in Queensland and New South Wales. E10 is most commonly blended with 91 RON â€Å"regular unleaded† fuel.BibliographyBiofuel in A ustralia. (2010, 11 20). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Australia Catalyst Teaching Resouces. (2001).Investigating ethanol as a fuel , 1-5. Ethanol from glucose (2010, http://hsconline. nsw. edu. au/). [Motion Picture]. Ethanol from sugar (2010, http://hsconline. nsw. edu. au/). [Motion Picture]. Ethanol Fuel. (n. d. ). Retrieved 11 21, 2010, from Journey to forever: http://journeytoforever. org/ethanol. htmlEthanol Fuel. (2010, 11 10). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in Ethanol fuel in Brazil. (2010, 10 31). Retrieved 11 18, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil MONCEAUX, P. M. (2008, 08 28).Fuel ethanol production. Retrieved 11 17, 2010, from bioethanol: http://www. bioethanol. ru/images/bioethanol/Fuel%20ethanol%20production%20-%20Katzen. pdf

Impact of Islam on Indian culture Essay

There is a close relationship between Islam and Indian. Islam is a religion that is based on Quran which explains revelations from god and is believed that it is unaltered throughout the decades. There is about 1.57 billion supporters which is the same number as of 23 percentage of earth’s population. It is the second-largest religion in the world and it is still growing fast. The support of Islam is called a Muslim. Islam’s prophet is Muhammad who was born in Mecca, was caravan merchant and he often recites Quran. There are five important pillars of Islam which are the basic concepts of worship, explaining Islamic law as well as every side of society and life and it also provides instruction about many things about environment, welfare, banking, etc. Five pillars are categorized as faith, prayer, haji, charity and ramadan. Reading Quran is highly recommended for muslims but it is not one of those pillars. In Islam, god is called Allah. There is a well-known sentence which people call Declaration of faith. It is â€Å"There is no god but god (Allah) and Muhammad is his messenger†. This quote implies that there is only one god who is Allah and all other ones are fake. Muslims believe that God is incomparable and the purpose of existence is to perform and serve Allah.Most muslims are either Sunni or Shia and approximately 13 percentage of Muslims live in Indonesia, the place with the largest Muslim-majority country and they have influenced on Indian culture heavily. Then how Islam has influenced Indians culturally and politically? Islam entered India in the 10th century A.D and created more ethnic complexity. When other ethnicities such as Greek, Mongolian, Parthian, and Scythian conquered India, they became Hinduised completely and assimilated with Indians. However Islam did not negotiated with Indians because Islam is monotheistic religion. Since total of four groups which are mughals, pathans, sayyeds and sheikhs did not unite with Hindu society, Indian ethnic system became much more complex. They created their own system, similar to caste system. Brahmins turned into Sayyeds and the rajputs who are descendents of Kshatriya merged into sheikhs, mughals and pathans. Before Isalm influenced Indians, their society was not divided into two separate  societies even though they had two religions which are Buddhism and Jainism. However Islam established India society into either Hindus or Muslims. Islam also brought Sufism to India. Sufism began as teaching religion more deeply in the Middle East about the Truth of Islam from Mohammad. Sufism involves an enlightened inner being with god and is an actualization of divine ethics. The practice of Sufism is selflessly involving with going forward with the truth by meaning of love and devotion. It could be called the way towards God or the spiritual path. The very basic concept of Sufism is to minimize individual identity as much as possible. One of other concepts of Sufism is that every religion offers a way to enlightenment and to true god realization, regardless of how it is fulfilled. It states that any god from any religion is all in equal position because they are derived from the same divine source. At first, the term Sufi was applied to those who had fully realized God, however it has became common to anyone who follows that particular spiritual way. Sufism is an important part of Islamic culture and society that also affects hugely in India. Related to Sufism, Islam propelled the Bhaktic cults. It is movement that is emotionally bonding with goddesses. It  was often expressed as chants, dances and drugs. The goal of this movement was to purify of the existing system. It affected greatly on many religious leaders. Bhaktic cult Muslim and Hindu traditions devoted on emergence of the new religion called Din-I-Illahi by Akbar later on. Culturally, Islam impacted Indians by teaching them forcefully and tested them on their faith. Islam made them adopt Muslim culinary. They adopted one of Muslim’s custom which is wearing sherwani, achkan, kurtha and pyjama. They also controlled Hindu women by imposing pardah. They had to wear pardah forcibly from being invaded or kidnapped. Islam also contributed in Art and literature in Hindu society. Islam constructed their places such as durbars and mosques which are ways to worship Allah in every country they conquered. There were often schools next to the mosque where people could learn and study about Quran. As Islam were developing their territory in India, many great schools, universities, libraries were established which led Indians to  be more knowledgeable. They also remodeled many temples that were previously ruined or damaged. They introduced of creating beautiful gardens in many places in India. Not only in the field of architecture, had Muslims done much on practicing of music which is a blend of Persia and Hindu. They invented many new musical instruments like Sarangi, Sitar and Tabla. Other than those examples that were mentioned previously in the essay, there are plenty of other things that Islam has influenced Indians. There were times that Indians had to follow what they did not really wanted, but with Islam’s help India was able to develop as a better, strong country in many different ways. They were able to have a better school system, more developed music and arts, overall more comfortable life for people. It is crucial to know about Islam and their culture as well as their background in order to understand Indian society.

Noise Distraction

Noise Distraction Are you distracted by noise? Some students struggle to pay attention in class and other study areas because small background noises interfere with their concentration. Background noise does not affect all students in the same way. There are a few factors that may determine whether noise distraction is a problem for you. Noise Distraction and Learning Styles Three of the most commonly recognized learning styles are visual learning, tactile learning, and auditory learning. It is important to discover your own prominent learning style to determine how to study most effectively, but its also important to know your learning style in order to recognize potential problems. Studies have shown that auditory learners are most distracted by background noise. But how will you know if you are an auditory learner? Auditory learners often: Talk to themselves while reading or studyingMove their lips while readingAre better at speaking than writingSpell better out loudHave difficulty visualizing thingsCant follow conversations when the TV is onCan mimic songs and tunes well If you feel that these traits describe your personality, you may need to pay special attention to your study habits and the location of your study space. Noise Distraction and Personality Type Two personality types that you may recognize are introversion and extraversion. It is important to know that these types have nothing to do with ability or intelligence; these terms merely describe the way that different people function. Some students are deep thinkers who tend to talk less than others. These are common traits of introverted students. One study has shown that noise distraction can be more harmful to introverted students than to extroverted students when it comes to study time. Introverted students can experience more difficulty understanding what they are reading in a noisy environment. Introverts typically: Like to work independentlyAre confident about their own opinionsThink deeply about thingsReflect and analyze more before acting on somethingCan focus on one thing for a long timeEnjoy readingAre happy in their own little worldHave a few deep friendships If these traits sound familiar to you, you may want to read more about introversion. You may discover that you need to adjust your study habits to cut down on the potential for noise distraction. Avoiding Noise Distraction Sometimes we dont realize how much background noise can affect our performance. If you suspect that noise interference is affecting your grades, you should consider the following recommendations. Turn off the mp3 and other music when you study: You may love your music, but its not good for you when youre reading.Stay away from the TV when doing homework: Television shows contain plots and conversations that can trick your brain into distraction when you dont even realize it! If your family watches TV at one end of the house during homework time, try to move to the other end.Buy earplugs: Small, expanding foam earplugs are available at large retail stores and auto stores. Theyre great for blocking out the noise.Consider investing in some noise-blocking earphones: This is a more expensive solution, but it might make a big difference in your homework performance if you have a serious problem with noise distraction. For more information you may consider: The Effects of Noise Distraction on SAT Scores, by Janice M. Chatto and Laura ODonnell. Ergonomics, Volume 45, Number 3, 2002,pp. 203-217.

KNBC's Channel 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

KNBC's Channel 4 - Essay Example It was almost too fast to follow and once a subject was completed, the feeling was one of wanting to know more. But the next subject was being discussed by then. The top stories covered in the April 30 newscast were, first, the Hollywood fire reported originally on April 29 and completely contained and put out by 8 am on April 30. One building and four small businesses were destroyed. It was like a firecracker that fizzled, although the anchors did try to make it interesting by mentioning familiar sites nearby such as the Pantages and Capitol Theaters and the building's location at the corner of Hollywood and Vine. The name of the restaurant may have been given, but it was not repeated. It was said to be similar to the Brown Derby. Also, Lindsey Lohan was mentioned as celebrating her 21st birthday at the restaurant/nightclub known for its erotic dancers. Although there apparently was no specific charge of arson, according to the anchors, because of earlier suspicious fires that might be arson, an investigation was underway to determine if the fire was accidental. KNBC does have a Web site and the story was presented in far more detail with video and photographs (Crews Investigate). The name of the restaurant was given on the Web site-Basque Restaurant and Nightclub. The second story to be presented was the May 1 protest at McArthur Park at which it was thought 25,000 to 100,000 people might attend. Because of clashes between police, demonstrators and journalists the year before, a low profile was planned by police. Previous use of force by police in 2007 embarassed both police and city officials, and the officers were retrained for the present protest. The protest was against federal immigration laws, which the Latino population felt were dividing families and were unfair. This was followed by the border protest "Stop the Mexican Government," which was quickly noted on the broadcast but not discussed in detail. The coverage of the protest was continued on Moyer and Williams' evening broadcast on May 1 and dominated the news hour, even though only 10,000 protestors showed up, not the expected 100,000, and there were no major disturbances. Again, the story again brought to mind a fizzled firecracker. The team announced the death of a San Francisco surfer killed on Monday, the 28th of April by a grey shark when he bled to death from a thigh injury. The fact that the incident occurred in Mexico was stressed. The federal interest rate was the next topic of discussion, cut .25% , which, it was noted, weakens the dollar once again. The broadcasters further discussed the fact that the government says there is no recession, even though the rising price of food and gas and the plummeting housing market does not confirm this. Except for obvious but unspoken criticism of President Bush, Moyer and Williams' political coverage was balanced with McCain offering tax credits re health costs, Hillary Clinton credited with appealing to blue collar workers, and Michelle Obama making no comment about Rev. Wright. Obama claims 10 super deligates and Hillary only 6. The final story presented was on the firefight across 580 acres of the Sierra Madre

A Review of Performance Appraisal Practices nad Policy Options. A Case Literature

A of Performance Appraisal Practices nad Policy Options. A Case Study on a Local Nightclub - The Plug - Literature review Example An effective, valid, strong and accurate appraisal system for rating the performance of employees is indispensable in ensuring effective functioning of the performance management system and helping the organization attain competitive advantage ((Kuvaas, 2006:506; Boachie-Mensah & Seidu, 2012; Abdulakadir, Isaika, and Adedoyin, 2012:124). The outcome of the appraisal process, the accuracy of employee ratings as well as perceived effectiveness of the appraisal process is critical as such inputs are often used by organizations to make various decisions in promotion and compensation, administrative, and training and development. Performance appraisal systems also make it possible for employees to understand their capability development and their performance, and in this sense keep employee morale high and improve organizational health. This is possible through an effective and fair appraisal system (Boachie-Mensah and Seidu, 2012). Various research studies have explored performance Appra isal systems and the need for such systems to work effectively in organizations. This section reviews literature on performance appraisal practices and policy options by looking at main approaches in performance appraisal, objectives of performance appraisal programs, issues surrounding performance appraisal systems, the managerial role and employee perceptions in performance appraisal, and performance appraisal practices in the entertainment / nightlife industry. Background of Performance Appraisal Performance Appraisal has been in existence since the industrial revolution where it was used a means of monitoring organizational output (Fandray, 2001). However during the earlier days, it was used more as a negative procedure than a positive one. It was often linked to punishment and reactivity to poor performance (Kennedy & Dresser, 2001). This implies that the performance appraisal focused on punishment of employees for poor performance as a way of motivating the employees to perfor mance highly. However, overtime the performance appraisal has continually evolved over the years. Kennedy and Dresser (2001:8) note that, as years passed organizations gradually refined their performance measurement techniques that focused on improving performance, with the trend focusing more on a move towards rewards than punishment. In the past three decades, researchers and practitioners have vigorously and critically analysed and examined the effectiveness of how various performance appraisals are used within different organisational contexts (Kondrasuk, 2011). Though there have been a wide array of studies on effectiveness of performance appraisal system, no consensus has yet been reached concerning what type of performance appraisal universally best meets the desired objectives of various organisational contexts. This implies that different performance appraisal systems are suitable for different organisational contexts. Definition of Performance Appraisal and main approaches Various scholars have defined performance appraisal in a number of ways. Armstrong (2006:450) defined it as steps involved in assessing the performance of employees, recording such performance and providing feedback to the employees. It is a formal employee monitoring system (Cardy & Dobbins, 1994; Ikramullah, et al, 2012: 144), which often involves evaluation of employees performance based on the opinions and judgments of supervisors, workers, managers, peers and subordinates (Jackson & Schuler, 2003:455). On the other hand, Nath (2011:648) defines it as formal procedures employed in evaluating employee’s contributions, possibilities and potentials within an organization. This