How to Raise Funding from Business Angels

How to Raise Funding from Business Angels If you are an early stage business or startup which is seeking equity to grow your business, then angel investors can become the most significant source of funding for you. There are many groups, as well as individuals, who are willing to invest in startup opportunities that show great promise and growth potential.Such investors carefully research and study your business plan before investing. What they actually do is monitor your progress and find a way to exit the deal later on after getting some meaningful profits. An angel investor can be a great source of investment after you have checked with your friends, relatives or other financial institutions. © Shutterstock.com | Khakimullin AleksandrIn this article, I will explore 1) an introduction to business angels, 2) what you can expect from business angels, 3) what angel investors look for, 4) how to raise funding from business angels, 5) where to find business angels, and 6) a conclusion.INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ANGELSMost often, angel investors are rich people who fund startups in return for a certain percentage of the company. Some angel investors also play an active role in running the investee business. The return on their investment might be 2 to 40 times what they expect to get in 3 8 years’ time. There are angel investors who quietly provide you with just the capital necessary to run the business, whereas others might become active advisors or sit on your company’s board.There are mainly six different types of angel investors:A virgin investor is one who has not yet invested in any businesses.If a person has not funded a business in the last 36 months, he is known to be a latent investor.Experienced investors who fund businesses solely for the sake of profit are known as wealth maximizing investors.Entrepreneurs are investors who normally invest in a business as an alternative to investing in the stock market, or simply invest for the sake of entrepreneurship.Income seeking investors are those who invest to get a job or extra income.Corporate angels are investors who demand majority stakes in the company if they have to fund it. These are often working in large organizations and companies.Typically, business angels have already made a lot of money through other business ventures. It is also pertinent to note that most angel investors are men 45 65 years old. However, a huge number of investors in the technology sector are relatively younger.How Is a Business Angel Different from a Venture Capitalist?Against common perception, angel and venture investors are totally different from each other. In fact, there are some major differences between the two. For instance, business angels are mostly individuals investing their personal money as compared to venture capitalists who invest on the behalf of an organization or fund. Most often, these organizations use other people’s money to invest in your business. Venture capitalists offer investors a chance to create a fund to raise the money to buy shares in a private company.An angel investor may not be able to invest as much as a venture capitalist because the former is using his own money whereas the latter is using others’ money. Similarly, their capacity to absorb risk also depends upon how much they are able to invest in any startup.Statistics about Business AngelsBusiness angels are the best source of investment if you are looking to obtain company finance of £10,000 to £250,000. They also expect an average annual return of at least 20 30% per annum. In comparison, venture capitalists invest in only 1,500 companies each year whereas angels invest in 55,000 startups on average. Most importantly, angels invested $3 billion (15%) more than venture capitalists in startups last year. Venture capitalists invest in only 0.25% companies that apply for funding. On the other hand, business angels fund 2.5% of businesses they review on average.The total number of qualified accredited investors exceeds 3.9 million people. More than two hundred thousand people invested in startups during the last two years. You must try to reach all of those 200,000 investors because your business is most likely to get funded by an individual angel rather than a group. Remember that less than 10% of angels belong to groups and not all of them are qualified investors as well.WHAT CAN YOU EXPECT FROM BUSINESS ANGELS?Angel investors earn approximately two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000) per annum in terms of salary, or their net worth is more than one million dollars.The following lines explain what you can expect from these angels in terms of business investment.Typical Ran ge of Funding: As mentioned above, angel investors invest their own money. The average deal size is around $500,000 regardless of which stage of development your business is in. Most individuals like to invest in telecom, healthcare, information technology, consumer products, electronics, energy and utilities, and similar businesses. A vast majority of investors also like to withdraw from your business after achieving their expected return on investment. It is up to you to propose a strategy that will help them exit without any hassle. Angel investors have many exit options at their disposal, but they also expect you to make the exit easy and profitable for both parties.Return Expectations of Business Angels: The angel’s primary motive is to earn considerable profits by selling his stakes within 3 to 8 years of funding your organization. A startup always incorporates risks and, therefore, they normally expect to obtain a 30 40% ROI (return on investment). However, as compared to a loan, you would not have to return the money to the investor if your business somehow fails. It is also pertinent to note that business angels are entitled to 10% of the company’s value as well.Contacts and Expertise of Business Angels: Most angels are active participants in investee business matters and, therefore, also bring their wide range of experience, expertise and contacts to a new setup. As a matter of fact, an angel’s resources and insight can become an invaluable asset for any business. They can also use the contacts made during their long career as an entrepreneur to bring more credit and venture capital funding as well as new customers and partners.Personal Relationships between Entrepreneur and Angel Investor: No one can deny the importance of establishing good relations with angel investors. In this regard, open and honest communication with them is crucial for your success. You must only approach those investors who have solid experience in your particular indu stry and structure your business deal in order to meet their requirements. The relationship between you and the angel is a long term commitment where mutual trust plays an important role. Both of you bring your individual qualities, expertise and experience to the table but if you are not honest with each other, you are not going to succeed.WHAT DO ANGEL INVESTORS LOOK FOR?Most angel investors happen to be successful and experienced entrepreneurs themselves. Therefore, they have good insights into the minds of other businessmen who request them to fund their business. There are many things angels look for in a startup, and some of them are explained below.People Involved in the BusinessThe first thing you need to keep in mind that angels do not invest in your business idea, but in the people at your disposal. That is why they like to collaborate with the people who can be vetted or someone that they know. This does not only build mutual trust, but establishes credibility as well. It is always imperative for you to include rock stars with a proven track record in your team, whether it is co-founders or employees. This is because angels work directly with the team, and a good team will help everyone get along nicely.Furthermore, angels scrutinize the leadership or entire management of the new startup. They like to work with a team that has a tremendous record of delivering goals on time and in a cost effective manner. Similarly, they also want to determine whether the management is capable of handling all the responsibilities that are part and parcel of a startup or not.Therefore, if you want to make an impression on angel investors, your team should boast years of experience and credibility. It is your team that actually wins an angel investor, not your idea.Great Business IdeaHaving only a business idea can’t help you to get investment from angels. You need to propose a complete and clear business plan in order to leave an impression. You have to put everyth ing in black and white, including the business model, what the potential problems are, what the market is like and how stiff the competition is. Similarly, you should also explain how your product is superior to that of competitors’ and how the investor himself will make money.You are destined to fail if you do not have a good business plan, and every investor is aware of this fact. However, it is also foolish to think that success is guaranteed only if a business plan is in place. It simply illustrates that there is an opportunity to leverage upon. Also, make sure to vet your plan through crowdfunding, surveys and market research to make your application more authentic.HOW TO RAISE FUNDING FROM BUSINESS ANGELSFollowing is a step by step process on how to raise funding from business angels.Step 1: Identify Your GoalsFirst and foremost, you must clearly identify what your business goals are and what you want from business angels. Decide if you only want them to fund your startup or if you would like them to bring in their expertise, experience and contacts to the board as well. The industry in which you are operating is also important as certain angels are inclined to invest in certain industries. You also have to make them realize that their money will help you achieve your goals and it will be put to good use.Step 2: Do Your HomeworkYou should prepare vigorously before approaching any business angel. It is advisable to make a prototype of your website or products, land some customers and get their feedback before looking for investments. Moreover, try to make your presentation as pretty as possible. Tell a convincing and interesting story and make the investors pay attention to what you are saying. You also have to make an impressive business plan, and financial calculations should be accurate as well. Be prepared to answer unexpected questions and never give an impression that you are losing control.Step 3: Create a Long List of Business AngelsYou will def initely increase your chances of success if you identify angels who are suitable for your startup. You can ask them questions like how much they usually invest, what they look for in a company and what their expected return on investment is. Moreover, you must also concentrate on your industry while pitching business angels because they like to invest in industries they have prior knowledge about.Step 4: Network and Make ConnectionsYou need to make as many connections as possible as a business owner. Some investors decide whether to fund your business or not after reading your plan, but a majority of them prefer applicants that are referred by their friends, relatives, colleagues, peers, business associations and renowned professionals in their respective fields. Similarly, it is also a good idea to regularly attend angel clubs’ meetings and venture capitalist conferences to explore more investment opportunities.Step 5: Be Honest and TransparentIt is difficult to be honest at all times, but this is one thing that really matters. No investor will ever write you a check if he thinks that you are telling a lie. Never try to cover up your dirty laundry, but instead reveal it yourself. Explain everything about yourself to the business angels and never ever hide anything which can create complications if discovered later on. If you are dishonest, you are not only betraying your self-doubt but also setting a bad tone for your relationship with the business angel.Step 6: Always Expect a NoIf you are a business owner looking for someone to fund your company, you will hear ‘no’ more often than you will hear ‘yes’. However, you must never lose your patience and should always be gracious and respectful to investors. This is important because they are not the only people who could fund your business, and this may not be the last time you are asking for investment. You will raise your esteem in the eyes of an investor if you respond graciously, and sometimes it al so makes them question their decision.Step 7: Choose a Business Angel CarefullyYou should always be careful and choosy when it comes to deciding whom to get funding from. You must get as much information as possible about the angel and why he is funding your business. Similarly, you need to have good idea about his expectations regarding his return on investment. Before getting money from them, find out how much added value they can bring to your business. Always remember that experience and knowledgeable angels with a wide range of connections can help you kick start your business in no time at all.Step 8: Always Inform Your Business Angel about Your Next StepNo matter how your company is doing, you must keep your angel informed about the latest developments. Again, you have to be honest with your business angel. Always inform the angel about your future plans as well as the outcome of those plans. You can use different methods, most important of which are emails, phone calls and w eekly and monthly letters, to contact angels on a regular basis.WHERE TO FIND BUSINESS ANGELSBusiness angels nowadays are young entrepreneurs as well as more traditional businessmen who want to invest in promising and fast-growing startups. There are many places where you can find angel investors. For example, in the USA there are many large angel investment groups in the likes of Ohio Tech Angel Funds, Tech Cost Angels and Investors’ Circles, etc. You can get a complete list of the largest angel investor groups in the USA on the Angel Capital Association website.In the UK, there are many business angel groups and individuals such as Addidi Business Angels, Advantage Business Angels, Angel Academy and Angel Investment Network from which you can easily get money for your business. Similarly, iNovia Capital, Extreme Startups, and Version One Ventures are some of the top angel investor groups in Canada.There are also a number of business angel groups and individuals working in Austra lia. In this regard, Australianinvestmentnetwork.com is a great website to find business angels in Australia. Similarly, Australian Association of Angel Networks is another great source to look for good business angels.It is also quite convenient to find business angels in other countries such as India, Brazil, and Germany. There might be many angel investor groups and individuals present around you. You just need to do some research, make some connections, and you will ultimately come across an angel who is willing to invest in your business.CONCLUSIONYou can make a big leap forward if you can convince business angels to fund your business. You can raise a considerable amount of money as more and more groups and individuals are willing to invest huge amounts in startups and even established businesses. Similarly, business angels can also provide you financial support after the first round of funding. In simple words, business angels cannot only support you financially but can also offer years of industry knowledge and experience to get your business started and thriving.

Social Responsibility Of Marketing Does It Work

Social Responsibility in Marketing: Does It Work? Amita Bajwa, Paulette Brown, Eric Burke, Sheron Curtis-Stokes, Raychale Dukeman, Jon Reed Kennesaw State University – Ruby C68 May 21, 2017 Socially responsible marketing is a marketing philosophy where a business considers what is in the best interest of society in the present and long term (DeWitt Dahlin, 2009). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is not new to business or society at all. It is an area of business betterment that began decades ago. It all started with the turn of the 20th century when companies came under attack for being too powerful, which made customers feel uneasy. Industrialists like†¦show more content†¦The idea that CSR as a form of marketing contributes to the bottom line is one that businesses have been proving for decades. Some of the world’s largest businesses dedicate a portion of the marketing costs to socially responsible marketing because they have seen their efforts fruition with profits; the Coca-Cola Company is a great example. The Coca-Cola Company shows how focusing on the customer can lead to more sales and future loyalty. The corporation noticed the power of soc ial responsibility and acted. Coke used a program called â€Å"5by20† to help promote the benefit of empowering women. The program was designed to empower five million women entrepreneurs worldwide by 2020. Their reason for doing so was because research indicated that empowering women can have a long-lasting effect, including increased revenues and numbers of workers, plus better educated and healthier families (Hayzlett, 2016). Positive media coverage on CSR activities can have a significant impact on a company’s bottom line. The inverse is also true. Businesses that ignore corporate social responsibility run the risk of doing harm to their brand and their bottom line. Consumers are only willing to pay a premium price when they have a strong commitment to the good cause of a CSR initiative (Sen Bhattacharya, 2001). In general, the CSR doctrine leads to focus too narrowly on certainShow MoreRelatedIntegration of Faith and Learning Essay682 Words   |  3 PagesBUSI 520 Liberty University Online Responsibility: To ourselves and to our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ Joshua 1:9; Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be terrified; do not be discouraged, for the LORD your God will be with you wherever you go. Throughout life we learn a lot of lessons, but one of the items that stays with us from our Mothers womb to when we meet the good Lord in Heaven, is responsibility. 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Nurses Encounter With A Single Patient Interaction

Nurses encounter a variety of perceptions during a single patient interaction. Understanding each patient and their situation centers around understanding those perceptions. Perception is a way of regarding, understanding, or interpreting something; a mental impression. This paper will outline the main tenants of regarding, understanding, or interpreting. Defining the Topic In the field of nursing, a mental impression can be defined by our senses, selecting information and bringing that information to our brain. The brain maps out the information that has been received and begins to tell a story. Each story is unique and according to The Art of Possibility (Zander Zander, 2000) the story told by each human being is â€Å"all invented†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦In The Art of Possibility (Zander Zander, 2000) dealing with perception can be done through twelve practices (p.26). These practices help to lead and work with all relationships in life, both professional and personal. I am just going to cover the practices that can be the greatest benefit in the nursing career. One of those practices is called â€Å"giving of an A† (Zander Zander, 2000, p. 26). An â€Å"A is not an expectation to live up to, but a possibility to live into.† (Zander Zander, 2000, p. 26) This allows for connection through possibi lity instead of judgment. The giving of an A approach essentially places the individual’s strongest points first and weaknesses second. (Zander Zander, 2000, p.26) This also helps change the way individuals regard themself. When an individual feels empowered, they feel better about themselves. R.S. Zander (2000), the author of this book, specifically speaks of a relationship with her own father. He was not present in her life. She tried throughout adulthood to have a relationship with him. He took his own life when she was only 22. Zander constantly questioned why her father didn’t love her. Only when she was finally able to switch her way of thinking to giving him an A could she identify her father wasn’t able to love her as a result of not being able to love himself. From there, she was able to feel compassion for her father (p.29). Another practice of Zander and Zander’s (2000) writes

Seminar Free Essays

Professor you started by saying we will be discussing what we have learned throughout the term units one through 9. Also you told the class that you would like us to turn in our unit 9 assignments by Friday, any time by Friday night so you could have the weekend to grade and return back to us. You had a trouble accessing the unit 8 drop box, so you informed everyone who has submitted their assignment that they should email the assignment to you instead, but everything should be working ust fine. We will write a custom essay sample on Seminar or any similar topic only for you Order Now We started the seminar with the handout and PowerPoint. Unit9 handout what is this course all about. Some questions raised is how does these skills play out in the legal field, you answered it by saying we really need is a mythological. Step one in the legal field you must always define the facts, someone might come to you asking for advise, you must always define the facts when facts are presented, get facts complete and correct about what has happened. Second step is who are the clients, who do I represent. Step three what is the objective, which is to when on behalf of my client. Step four what are the claims. Step five; you must map the fact against the statutes and common law. Step 6, do the research, step 8 is go for the win, you present your facts and findings. Everything we have learned in the past nine units is what the big picture is in the long run of the legal field. There are three Distinct type of writing; HRAC historical, legal memorandum, brief. We went on to the PowerPoint, which focuses on the legal memorandum. In a legal emorandum you must always keep in mind the analysis, can you win. e discussed using the Legal memorandum on unit 9 assignment, you have us the opportunity if those who want to do a legal memorandum will get an extra 5 points. Putting together a memorandum, Step 1 who are you representing, step 2 what is a win, step3 capture all the facts and discard all irrelevant facts. Step 4 is to do the research, research anything we can get our hands on. Step five would be to back track and make sure you covered any and all facts possible . Key sites everything. To pile for the client, what is good and what is bad. Step 8 is to do a discussion based on all the information given. You stressed how you would prefer the class to try the legal memorandum that you have discussed in the power point do to it be the way it will be done in the legal field. In the legal field, law firms don’t go down the list. the 5 points. For the conclusion portion you stated that is may be 0k, to state that there can be a low chance that the law firm may when the case, do to sufficient evidence, or we ould state that we have a high chance at winning, of course every case is not winnable. Based on the law, that is what are conclusion is based on. A classmate brought up the question of statute of limitation to which you replied that we should assume that there are no statute of limitation that was a really great question. our final exam will cover everything that we have learned from unit 1-9. I understand that this will be our last seminar professor, and I can’t stress enough how much I appreciate you feedback and help with regards to turning in my work. I thank you. How to cite Seminar, Papers

Voliene in School Essays - Abuse, Human Behavior, Dispute Resolution

The Effect of School Violence Violence has taken center stage. It has struck from outside into our schools. What effect has violence has on student, teachers, administrators and the learning process in general? This question rising whom responsible for dealing with violence in school and how can it is under control? Teacher and student are more concerned about being victimized that about education, they cannot concentrate on teaching and learning. People are motivated by many factor: genetic predisposition, childhood disease, psychiatric disorder, family strengths and dysfunctions, the social life of the school and the community, the influence of the media, the politics and customs of the land where they live. While the factors are many, they are beyond our ability to identify and understand. Natural Born Killer a movie portrayed the main two characters who, at the innocent teenage and experienced adult, defy society and get lost in their own little world, killing, and robbing whoever they come across. A culture which following a cultural script for problem ? solving, strategy. If people are treating you badly, make them respect you through a show of force), politics and customs of the land where they live. Mobbing is ganging up on someone and making cruel jokes, speaking rumors, isolating and excluding, intimidating, threatening, treating a person like an object, harassment and cruelty. Mobbing is emotional abuse. Group bullying, Mobbing has a devastating effect on everyone it touches and has a ripple effect upon other people, their families, their communities and society at large. This behavior has contributed too many acts of school violence. The matter of truth is that many people are walking around with a deep anger inside of themselves and don?t know why. I believe that one of the reasons is Smith2 because so many have been treated like objects rather than as unique human beings for too long. Insight and awareness play a major role in change. So many people engage in this type of behavior without thinking. Prevention includes paying attention not only to what we?re doing but also to what is going on around us. We tend to not recognize warning signs and feel powerless to do anything about it. the effect of Targeted person is confused, beginning to question why me or what is wrong with me. Secondly, this person engages in self-isolation and doesn?t know whom to trust. This experience will leave a permanent scar of physical or emotional damage. Third, a person may engage in destructive behavior toward themselves or other. A good example is School rampage shooters of Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. This was the most deadliest tragedies occurred on April 20,1999, when two students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold went on a massive rampage killing twelve students and one teacher and wounding twenty-three other before killing themselves. Another example, on April 24, 2003 James Sheet, a fourteen-year old student at Red Lion Junior High School in Pennsylvania, shot and killing the school?s principal before turning his gun and around and killing himself. These are just two example of potential solution of such violence in school. People become to believe that school is no longer safe. Often the community itself becomes a victim. The community feels cheated of their opportunity to learn his/hers motivation for the crime and the chance to see justice served. One method school based solution to the problem of violence that has proven particularly controversial is student profiling. Experts believe that student who acts out violently share certain characteristics. For example, they are likely to be interested in weapon, be bullied or be a bully and be alienated from the popular group at school. By creating a profile, it may be possible to identify student who are at risk for committing a violent crime before they do so. Drinking excess amount of alcohol consumption such as requiring dangerous behavior. The Smith3 amount of drinking or combinations of alcohol any students lose control because they?re too drunk. An emotional state of the group that is aroused, aggressive, or rowdy. Fighting on school ground, normally fight started when someone deliberately bumped somebody by accident while walking in hallway. Once occur pushing and shoving begins. At times disagreement among students will be settled with

Vegetation Recovery Using Remote Sensing Image In Yellowstone National Park after the Fires in 1988

Vegetation Recovery Using Remote Sensing Image In Yellowstone National Park after the Fires in 1988 Literature Review The Connection between Vegetation Recovery and Burning Severity of Fires Before analyzing the images produced by means of remote sensing, it is necessary to analyze the aspects and criteria according to which the images can detect various patterns of vegetation recovery after the fire. Specifically, much research has been done on the analysis of connection between biodiversity and remote sensing techniques as well as other methods for types of recovery vegetation.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Vegetation Recovery Using Remote Sensing Image In Yellowstone National Park after the Fires in 1988 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Kennedy, remote sensing contributes greatly to the analysis of vegetation cover and provides sufficient information about atmospheric chemistry (133). In particular, satellite remote sensing techniques can provide exhaustive data on the patterns and criteria n ecessary for analyzing sophisticated interactions and mechanisms connecting fire density, vegetation cover, atmospheric chemistry, and climate. The researcher has found that gas emitted into atmosphere as well as shifts occurred to the atmospheric ratio is possible to effectively detect with the help of remote sensing. However, the examination of such dependencies does not provide viable solutions to the analysis of vegetation recovery in relation to temporal scales. Still, there is a possibility to identify the nature of gasses emitted. More detailed information on this issue is provided by Turner et al. who have managed to provide sufficient justification to remote sensing images and how they can be used to identify various types of forests and vegetation (306). According to the researcher, â€Å"†¦recording numerous densities at different heights throughout the canopy and enables three-dimensional profiles of vegetation structure to be made† (Turner et al. 307). With the help of this data, it is possible to detect the potential for such techniques as mapping of sub-canopy layers and emergent tree species. A great contribution to the analysis of distribution patterns and habitat categorizations carried with the help of remote sensing techniques. This examination has been provided by Debinsky, Kindsher, and Jakubauskas (3281). The researchers have also applied to Landsat TM data analysis in order to evaluate various forest and meadow types in Yellowstone Park. Importantly, the studies also seek to define the relation between vegetations areas and animal species distribution which is quite essential because the foci of birds and animals can be the indicators of dense vegetation.Advertising Looking for term paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Particular species can be affiliated to a particular vegetation pattern. Interestingly, the research conducted by Debinski et a l, reveals â€Å"large differences in species distribution patterns among remotely sensed meadow types† in different temporal dimensions (3283). The same concerns are considered by Gould (1861). White et al have also been more consistent and pertinent to our research considerations (125). In their studies, they emphasize that aside from vegetations patterns, there are also burning severity patterns resulted in different topographic vegetation. The patterns are received with the help of satellite data that show significant changes in physical characteristics of burnt areas. The researchers have discovered that it is necessary to be knowledgeable about electromagnetic energy. In this respect, they have also defined that â€Å"†¦more severely burned areas have less vegetation cover and different radiation budgets in post-fire years† (White et al.124). Such important deductions will be of great relevance to our research because different patterns of burning severity w ill assist in analyzing the patterns presented in Yellowstone National Park. With regard to the consideration presented above, it should be emphasized that the vegetation recovery change patterns largely depend on the burning severity of fire. This linkage is revealed through carbon dioxide density, biophysical characteristics of burnt areas, radiation and spectral analysis, and electromagnetic energy. Spectral Analysis with Regard to Vegetation Recovery Patterns A possibility to distinguish the changing patterns of vegetation recovery and burning severity cannot be solely relied because such factors as the process of spectral analysis and carbon dioxide density are crucial in providing an accurate and consistent examination of temporal characteristics of vegetation recovery. In this respect, it is necessary to analyze the connection between carbon dioxide emission, and how they relate to fires and vegetation patterns. It is also imperative to prove why remote sensing, spectral anal ysis and Landsat TM techniques are crucial in identifying the influences of fire on vegetation recovery.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Vegetation Recovery Using Remote Sensing Image In Yellowstone National Park after the Fires in 1988 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research provided by Jakubauskas and Price offer a clear picture of the relations between biotic factors and spectral analysis of forests in the Park (1375). With the help of multiple regression models, the researchers have provided the correlation of digital spectral analysis and biotical factors. The results have revealed that â€Å"tree height and diameter combined to form an index of crown volume, which in turn combined with density for an index of canopy volume† (Jakubauskas and Price 1379). The scholars have also detected other crucial, though less significant, factors and dimensions of spectral analysis such as leaf area index a nd vegetation index. Although the research provided by Jakubauskas and Price is of great value for further examination, it can be supported by the studies analyzing vegetation dynamics with regard to temporal scales (1378). In particular, Shannon and Lawrence are more close to the analysis of vegetation recovery patterns in relation to temporal scale (551). The value of their research consists in presenting change vector analysis with help of 1985 and 1999 images. This analysis is â€Å"a rule-based change detection method that examines the angle and magnitude of change between dates in spectra space† (Shannon and Lawrence 551). The process of change detection has succeed in presenting the changes within herbaceous and shrub land vegetation. The spectral and change vector analyses have detected that â€Å"there was a decrease in grass lands and a relative increase in srublands† (Shannon and Lawrence 554). The presented research can greatly assist in the exploration of vegetation recovery patters of change in Yellowstone National Park. The above-presented research provides consistent information about pattern distributions, but it lacks information about fire factor and its impact on vegetation recovery and accuracy of the research. This gap can be complemented with the explorations provided by Turner, Hargrove, Gardiner, and Romme (731). In general, spectral analysis plays an important role in identifying the changing patterns of vegetation recovery. It is also significant in defining various species of vegetation and describing pattern distributions on a particular geographic area.Advertising Looking for term paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technical possibilities and Limitations of Remote Sensing Techniques Remote sensing approaches can differ with regard to various resolutions of remotely sensed images. In order to succeed in researching our objectives, the analysis of advantages and limitations of these techniques is crucial. The studies presented by Wright and Gallant (582), Asner (2), Cohen and Goward (535), and Murtaugh and Philips (99). All scholars provide a comprehensive evaluation of all limitations to using remote sensing tools. In order to critically assess the technical possibility of remote sensing techniques, Wright and Gallant have provided a historical background of previous researches dedicated to the efficiency assessment (582). The results show that â€Å"remote sensing is the moderate spatial and spectral resolution of multispectral instruments like TM sensor† (Wright and Gallant 584) Therefore, it will be difficult to distinguish forested upland and forested wetland in spectral terms. The a pplication of remote sensing techniques cannot be solely applied, but in combination with ancillary data. Due to the fact that carbon dioxide is considered to be the indicator of vegetation recovery and burning severity of fire, ancillary technique should also involve carbon mapping as well which will back up the date collected form remotely sensed images (Asner 2). Such devices are quite relevant and applicable to the temporal analysis of vegetation because carbon spectral patterns of change can also be the signifiers of vegetation recovery stage. In particular, carbon densities can be easily correlated with burning severities, and vegetation recovery, and species analysis. More importantly, the carbon analysis includes the acquisition of maps depicting types of forest, disturbance, and deforestation. Remote sensing techniques are also applicable to temporal analysis of vegetation patterns. In this regard, Murtaugh and Philips provide a bivariate binary model for evaluating the shi fts in land cover with the help of satellite images received at different times (99). Such classification is aimed at correlating random variables that are dependent on the pixel resolution. Importantly, the researchers have applied to Landsat imaging for pixel classification and its correlation with land cover changes. Cohen and Goward also emphasize the importance of using remote sensing to assess temporal and spatial characteristics of ecological environment (535). In the particular, they used date obtained from Landsat sensors for constructing biogeochemical cycles and for characterizing vegetation biophysical attributes with regard to biodiversity. The research find remote sensing valid and reliable for analyzing vegetation and land cover change. In contrast, Ravan and Roy consider it necessary to introduce Geographic information systems for the analysis of various vegetation patterns and obtaining relevant information (129). The combined approach is much more efficient in dete cting such characteristics as vegetation shape, size, patch density and porosity. The research results has revealed significant different between different zones of Madhav National Part of India (Ravan and Roy 130). The structural analysis has provided vegetation recovery also largely dependent of biomass distribution and species diversity. Arising from this research, remote sensing and GIS can be successfully applicable to the temporal analysis of vegetation providing more accurate information. Innes and Koch state that remote sensing is considered the most efficient tool in assessing vegetation, and other biophysical characteristics such as structural criteria of forest stands, the canopy type and the present of coarse woody debris (397). The researchers emphasize that it is possibly to rely solely on remote sensing when investigating the spatial and temporal characteristics of vegetations. Interesting discoveries are offered by Turner, Ollinger, and Kimball who also approve remot e sensing techniques for evaluating spatial characteristics of vegetation (574). In particular, the researchers resort to remote sensing tools and ecosystem modeling to study the terrestrial carbon cycling. Pursuant to remote sensing limitation, explain that this device is constantly upgrading and it is possible to select the appropriate resolution of images to analyze the reflectance properties of vegetation and assess biogeochemical processes controlling carbon transformation. In general, the majority of the above-described researchers prove that remote sensing is one of the most efficient instruments in conducting the assessment of vegetation recovery with regard to its temporal and spatial characteristics. Nevertheless, the analysis will be much more successful if to apply this technique together with GIS approach. Overall Recommendations and Conclusion The analysis of image obtained by remote sensing allows to detect various patterns of vegetation recovery with regard to tempor al characteristics. The Yellowstone National Park has been analyzed in three various time – 1989, 1999, and 2010. The image obtained from Landsat TM, ISODATA being an ancillary mechanism revealed that there significant changes in vegetation recovery patterns in relation to temporal characteristics. In addition, classification scheme of vegetation used to shrub land, herbaceous vegetation, sparse vegetation, and bare land has turned out to be flexible and relevant for the research. The presented research proves conducted by Jakubauska and Price (1375) The results have also show that vegetation recovery patterns are closely connected with burning severity of fire. Importantly, the spectral analysis and Landsat TM show biophysical characteristics of burnt areas. The evaluation has also succeeded in defining the changes of species allocation on the territory of Yellowstone National Park. The technical approach used for the data analysis still had some limitations. In particular, it was difficult information without geographic information system because some characteristics were impossible to detect, such carbon dioxide cycle. Nevertheless, the classification of species was successfully identified and carefully analyzed with regard to temporal characteristics. In future, we plan to investigate this area and other territories, but with another combination of techniques either to justify or disapprove the effectiveness of those as compared with the above presented ones. This area is quite wide and, therefore, there is much store for investigation. Asner, Gregory P. Tropical Forest Carbon Assessment: Integrating Satellite and Airborne Mapping Approaches. Environmental Research Letters 4 (2009):1-11 Cohen, Warren D., and Samuel N. Goward. Landsat’s Role in Ecological Applications of Remote Sensing. BioScience. 54.6 (2004): 535-545. Debinski, D. M. and Kindscher, K., and Mark Jakubauskas. A Remote Sensing and GIS-based model of habitats and biodiversity i n the Greater Yellowstone Ecosysyem. Journal of Remote Sensing. 20.17 (1999): 3281-3291. Gould, William. Remote Sensing of Vegetation, Plant Species Richness, and Regional Biodiversity Hotspots. Ecological Applications. 10.6 (2000): 1861-1870. Innes John L., and Barbara Koch. Forest Biodiversity and Its Assessment by Remote Sensing. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters. 7.6 (1998): 397-419. Jakubauskas, Mark, and Kevin P. Price. Empirical Relationships between Structural and Spectral Factors of Yellowstone Lodgepole Pine Forests. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 63.12 (1997, December): 1375-1381 Kennedy, Pam. Biomass Burning Studies: The Use of Remote Sensing. Ecological Bulletins. 15 (1992): 133-148. Murtaugh, Paul A. and Donald L. Philips. Temporal Correlation of Classification in Remote Sensing. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics. 3.1. (1999, March): 99-110 Ravan, Shirish, A., and P. S. Roy. Satellite Remote Sensing for Ecological Analysis of Forested Landscape. Plant Ecology. 131.2 (1997): 129-141; Savage, Shannon L., and Rick L. Lawrence. Vegetation Dynamics in Yellostone’s Northern Range: 1985 to 1999. Photogrammetric Engineering Remote Sensing. 76.5 (2010): 547-556. Turner, David P., Ollinger Scott V., and John S. Kimball. Integrating Remote Sensing and Ecosystem Process Models for Landscape- to Regional-Scale Analysis of the Carbon Cycle. BioScience. 54.6 (2004, June): 573-584. Turner, Monica G., Hargrove Willia W., Gardiner Robert H., and William H. Romme. Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Journal of Vegetation Science. 5 (1994): 731-742. Turner, Woody, Spector Sasha, Gardiner Ned, Fladeland Matthew, Sterling Eleanor, and Mark Steininger. Remote Sensing for Biodiversity Science and Conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 18.6. (2003, June): 306-314 White, Joseph D., Ryan, Kevin C., Key, Carl C., and Steven W. Running. Remote Sensing of Fores t Fire Severity and Vegetation Recovery. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 6.1 (1996): 125-136. Wright, Christ and Alisa Gallant. Improved Wetland Remote Sensing in Yellowstone National Park Using Classification Trees to Combine TM imagery and Ancillary Environmental Data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 107 (2007): 582-605.

Definition of Fuel Injector Pulse Width

Definition of Fuel Injector Pulse Width All modern automotive engines use fuel injectors to deliver fuel to the combustion chamber. Varying load, speed, and temperature conditions require adjustability of fuel delivery, and that is accomplished through changes to injector pulse width. It is simply the amount of time, measured in milliseconds (ms), a fuel injector stays open (delivers fuel) during a cylinder intake cycle. Typical injector pulse width for an idling engine at normal operating temperature is between 2.5 and 3.5 ms. When an engine needs to make more power, the onboard computer delivers more fuel by increasing the pulse width of the fuel injectors. How Pulse Width is Determined In terms of engine mechanics, the determination of fuel injector pulse width is fairly simple. First, you determine the base pulse width by looking it up in a reference table wherein the relation between engine speed and load are explained. Once you determine the base width, you then determine which factors will affect your engine performance like oxygen levels and coolant temperatures and plug it into the equation pulse width (Base pulse)(Factor A)(Factor B).   However, it is important to know that your engines pulse width is actually determined by as many as 100 or more factors such as these, wherein a reference table can be used to determine the corresponding metrics for this equation. For instance, a coolant temperature Factor A of 75 is valued at .9 in the above equation via its reference table. Fortunately for you, engines have determined this formula for years and have since perfected the process. Some cars now even have electronic monitors that can read out exact measurements of all factors that go into determining pulse width and hackers can even program them to boost engine performance by adjusting the equations. This is not recommended for novice mechanics or mechanics with little experience with engine control modules  (ECM).   What Can Go Wrong? Even the smallest amount of variation in fuel injection rate can affect your engines performance, mainly because it is specifically designed to run with a certain ratio according to a multitude of factors. You can typically observe problems with the fuel injector in a variety of ways. A fuel smell coming from the engine compartment may mean that the fuel injector is creating too long of a pulse width. Similarly, a misfiring of the engine or a decrease in power, acceleration or speed may be symptomatic of a failing fuel injector. In any case, your vehicle has a built-in safety message to prevent spontaneous breakdown related to this: the check engine light.   If your check engine light comes on, you should see your local mechanic or check the engine yourself by checking the OBD-II code  that your vehicles ECM outputs. If you see a code that references fuel injector failure, the only solution might be  replacing your fuel injector. In any case, it is best to visit your local mechanic for a full diagnosis and the most professional solution to your engine troubles.